2025 ILAE 2025 updated seizure classification

This journal article provides a practical guide to understanding and applying the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) updated seizure classification of 2025. It explains how the new system, which builds on the 2017 classification, enhances clarity and consistency in terminology for healthcare professionals managing epilepsy. The classification organizes seizures into four main classes—focal, generalized, unknown, and unclassified—and introduces both a basic version for general use and an expanded version with detailed semiological descriptors. A key update is the use of consciousness, defined by both awareness and responsiveness, as a critical classifier for seizures. The article includes numerous case vignettes and definitions of generalized seizure types to aid in the clinical implementation of this flexible, structured framework.

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Jaksot(227)

Reframing Multiple Sclerosis as a Spectrum of Progression

Reframing Multiple Sclerosis as a Spectrum of Progression

This academic review proposes a unified spectrum model for multiple sclerosis (MS) that challenges traditional, rigid phenotype classifications like RRMS, SPMS, and PPMS. The authors argue that disabi...

4 Loka 47min

Extended Version - Examination and Localization of Eye Movement Disorders

Extended Version - Examination and Localization of Eye Movement Disorders

This epiode is an extended version of the recently published episode on the examination and localization of eye movement disorders. The orginal paper details a comprehensive clinical framework for the...

27 Syys 52min

Guidance for Applying the 2024 McDonald Criteria for MS Diagnosis

Guidance for Applying the 2024 McDonald Criteria for MS Diagnosis

This episode is a comprehensive review of a peper exploring the 2024 McDonald criteria, which represent a significant update to the global standards for diagnosing multiple sclerosis (MS). These revis...

27 Syys 45min

Anti-Amyloid Antibodies for Alzheimer’s Disease: Efficacy and Safety

Anti-Amyloid Antibodies for Alzheimer’s Disease: Efficacy and Safety

This umbrella review evaluates the clinical efficacy and safety of two recently approved anti-amyloid antibodies, lecanemab and donanemab, for treating early-stage Alzheimer’s disease. By synthesizing...

20 Syys 17min

Examination and Localization of Eye Movement Disorders

Examination and Localization of Eye Movement Disorders

This paper provides a comprehensive clinical framework for the examination and localization of eye movement disorders, emphasizing that the systematic bedside assessment serves as the primary tool for...

20 Syys 24min

 Liquid Biopsy: Current Applications and Future Direction

Liquid Biopsy: Current Applications and Future Direction

This comprehensive review examines the evolution and clinical potential of liquid biopsy, a non-invasive diagnostic method that analyzes biomarkers within bodily fluids. The text classifies primary bi...

13 Syys 17min

Palasma Exchange in Autoimmune Neurological Diseases

Palasma Exchange in Autoimmune Neurological Diseases

This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluates the effectiveness and safety of therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) for treating autoimmune neurological diseases (ANDs). By analyzing 38 studies invol...

13 Syys 17min

 Parsonage-Turner Syndrome: A Comprehensive Clinical Review

Parsonage-Turner Syndrome: A Comprehensive Clinical Review

Parsonage-Turner syndrome, also known as neuralgic amyotrophy, is a frequently misdiagnosed peripheral nerve disorder characterized by sudden, intense shoulder pain followed by muscle weakness and atr...

13 Syys 22min

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