#4 The Mysterious Birth of the Universe: Journey to the Dawn of the Night of Time | Space Documentary

🌍 It all begins 13.8 billion years ago. The Universe is born at the instant 0, like a "point", a primordial atom, dimensionless and infinitely small, which contains all the energy of the Universe. This precise moment is called the initial singularity or Big Bang. The matter and energy of the Universe as well as the dimensions of space and time are compressed in a state of extreme density. The temperature is high. The "point" does not represent a precise location in space but is everywhere at once. Then it expands, until it encompasses all space, time and matter. Inspired by Einstein's theory of general relativity, the Big Bang model is the explanation of the origin of the Universe that is unanimously accepted by the scientific community. For if it expands and cools with time, it was denser and hotter in the past. From this point and in a burning environment, all matter organizes itself methodically through the forces of interaction. Everything is going very fast, only fractions of a second separate the next steps that follow.

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💥 The Evolution of the Universe to the Present:
- The Universe is homogeneous. It contains no stars, the only light is that of the fossil radiation. It continues its expansion. Gigantic masses of matter are gradually moving away from each other, also moving away from the clouds of hydrogen and atoms that are grouped together under the effect of gravity. Over hundreds of millions of years, increasingly dense clouds are formed, slowing down the expansion phenomenon. These clouds with immeasurable dimensions are called protogalaxies. They present inhomogeneities resulting in areas where the matter will strongly condense, until the birth of stars. The hydrogen atoms rub against each other and raise the temperature, this is the phenomenon of accretion. By dint of being in contact, the atoms lose their electron and become nuclei again. The gravitational force is then confronted with the electromagnetic force. The hydrogen nuclei, which are positively charged protons, by losing their negatively charged electron are no longer electrically neutral. The laws of electromagnetism specify that charges of the same sign reject each other. Begins a duel between the gravitational force that brings the nuclei closer and the electromagnetic force that repels them. The gravity persists which makes the temperature increase to almost 10 million degrees. The electromagnetic force, bends, beaten in this duel. It is the collapse. The protons come into contact and fuse into deuterium nuclei and then into helium nuclei, in the same way as during the primordial nucleosynthesis. The end of the dark ages is marked by the ignition of the first stars.

The stars are revealed in flashes of light throughout the Universe. A first generation of stars, known as population III, radiates. These stars formed from a medium deprived of elements heavier than helium have masses equivalent to several hundred solar masses. These very luminous stars evolve rapidly and have a short life span of less than a million years. The temperature at their surface reaches up to 100 000 °C. The photons that these stars emit are very energetic and strongly ionize the surrounding gas of hydrogen and helium. Their short passage in the Universe allows the synthesis of heavier elements, such as lithium, which will be used to form the next generations of stars.

One of the stars from the first generation reaches its evolution and causes a gamma-ray burst, causing an explosion of light in the whole Universe. The existing atoms are ionized by the intense radiation of the very first generation of population III stars.



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🎬 On the program today:
- 00:00 - Introduction
- 00:36 - Early eras of the universe
- 02:42 - 1 second after birth
- 12:11 - 30 minutes after birth
- 14:50 - Evolution of the universe
- 27:25 - Birth of the Solar System
- 30:37 - Evolution of the Solar System

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